KAJIAN PENGARUH KEBIJAKAN DESENTRALISASI PADA PENINGKATAN KESEJAHTERAAN MASYARAKAT (Studi Kasus: Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Jawa Barat)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24258/jba.v8i2.90Abstract
After more than 10 years of the implementation of decentralization policy in Indonesia, it is considered essential to evaluate this policy in terms of improving public welfare. Decentralization in this study is measured by three dimensions: fiscal, functional and personnel. These three variables are not made in a single composite index, but in a separate index which include variables of economics, infrastructure, education, and health. Using panel data of 25 districts/cities in West Java Province in 2004-2010, the findings stated that: In the economic field, the effect of decentralization variables has not been demonstrated directly. However, there is indirect effect through the channel of investments variable, where the high level of investment in the region is justified as a form of improved local government performance in attracting investment. In infrastructure, personnel decentralization is the only variable that has an influence on the change of variable road infrastructure. Meanwhile, in the field of education, there are two variables of decentralization which have significant influence on the accessibility of the public to secondary education. Those two variables are functional and personnel decentralization. In the health sector, it was found that the decentralization variable has no significant effect on changes in the ratio of the number of physicians per 1000 population, but it has an influence on increasing the ratio of hospital beds to population. This shows that the channel of the decentralization variables that can have an impact on improving the public welfare is functional decentralization and personnel decentralization. However, the performance of both channels remains to be improved for the future.
Keywords : Decentralization, Public Welfare
Setelah lebih dari 10 tahun kebijakan desentralisasi diimplementasikan Setelah lebih dari 10 tahun kebijakan desentralisasi diimplementasikan di Indonesia, maka dianggap penting untuk melakukan evaluasi kebijakan ini dalam kerangka meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Desentralisasi dalam penelitian ini diukur dengan tiga dimensi: fiskal, fungsional dan personil. Ketiga variabel ini tidak dibuat dalam indeks komposit tunggal, tetapi indeks yang terpisah yang meliputi variabel bidang ekonomi, infrastruktur, pendidikan, dan kesehatan. Dengan menggunakan data panel dari 25 kabupaten/kota di Provinsi Jawa Barat pada 2004-2010, temuan menyatakan bahwa: Di bidang ekonomi, variabel desentralisasi belum menunjukkan pengaruhnya secara langsung, baik dilihat dari variabel desentralisasi fiskal, desentralisasi fungsional maupun desentralisasi personnel. Meskipun tidak ada keterkaitan langsung antara ketiga variabel desentralisasi dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi, namun disinyalir terdapat keterkaitan tidak langsung variabel ini melalui saluran (channel) investasi, dimana tingginya investasi di daerah dijustifikasi sebagai bentuk peningkatan kinerja pemerintah daerah dalam menarik investasi. Di bidang infrastruktur, hanya variabel desentralisasi personil yang memiliki pengaruh terhadap perubahan variabel infrastruktur jalan. Di bidang Pendidikan, terdapat dua variabel desentralisasi yang memiliki pengaruh secara signifikan terhadap aksesibilitas masyarakat pada bidang pendidikan tingkat menengah ke atas. Kedua variabel desentralisasi dimaksud adalah variabel desentralisasi fungsional dan variabel desentralisasi personil. Di bidang kesehatan, ditemukan bahwa variabel desentralisasi tidak memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap perubahan rasio jumlah dokter per 1000 penduduk, tapi memiliki pengaruh terhadap rasio tempat tidur di Rumah Sakit terhadap penduduk. Dari sini terlihat bahwa saluran (channel) dari variabel desentralisasi yang mampu memberikan pengaruh terhadap peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat adalah variabel desentralisasi fungsional dan variabel desentralisasi personil. Namun demikian kinerja kedua saluran (channel) inipun tetap harus ditingkatkan untuk kedepannya.
Kata kunci: Desentralisasi, Kesejahteraan Masyarakat
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